Combating Hate Groups: Guidelines for Community Action
Acknowledgements
This manual is a condensed and revised version of Organizing Rules: A Strategic Guide for Combating Hate Groups, previously published by the Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society. Those interested in more detailed information and analysis of strategies for effective community action should consult Organizing Rules as well as the resources and organizations listed in the appendices of this manual. We would like to thank Dick Chamney, Jessica Black, Warren Kinsella, Joyce McArthur, Julien Sher for allowing us to use portions of their work previously published in Organizing Rules.
We are indebted to a large number of people and groups for their help and support in preparing the present manual. In particular, we would like to thank the advisory group: Ron Bourgeault, Wilma Clark, Trudy Dirk, Sandy Dore, Dr. Chiara Ensalmo, Gavin Hainsworth, Laurie Hearty, Helmut-Harry Loewen and Rick McKenna. We are indebted to Don Crane of Rush, Crane, Guenther and Adams for legal advice. We also want to thank the community leaders and teachers and students who participated in focus group meetings to discuss and help refine the manual. Not least, we want to acknowledge the friendly advice and tireless work of Zeineen Panjou and Zebeen Panjou in coordinating the project.
The principal researchers, writers and editors, Dale Cornish and Alan Dutton would like to acknowledge their debt to the aboriginal elders and leaders with whom they have worked over many years. In particular, they would like to thank Ernie Crey, Ron George, Viola Thomas and Rosalie Tiza for their wisdon, guidance and support.
The present manual was made possible by a generous grant from the Community Liaison Branch of the Ministry of the Attorney General province of British Columbia. We would like to gratefully acknowledge the advice and support of Mary Clare Zak and Patsy George of the Ministry of the Attorney General of British Columbia.
The information and analysis presented in the following pages does not necessarily represent the views of the government of the province of British Columbia nor is it meant as legal advice. A competent lawyer should be consulted for legal advice. Competent community groups should be consulted on practical issues of organizing and security. Any errors or omissions are entirely the responsibility of the authors.
ABOUT CAERS
The Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society (CAERS) is a non profit Society founded in 1984 to provide:
Since 1984 the Society has expanded its work to include research on hate on the Net and has become a clearing house for research on the extreme right in Canada.
The Society provides workshops on anti-racism research on-line and works in coalition with groups to help them develop their own action-oriented research.
In 1998, the Society won a prestigious anti-racism award from the Attorney General of the province of British Columbia in recognition of action-oriented research on racist groups. The Society has addressed the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, conducted training for the Department of Corrections Canada, the Association of Correctional Workers, the Ministry of Education and a wide variety of non-governmental agencies.The accomplishments of the Society are presented at www//anti-racism.com.
Victims of racism and hate crime are encouraged to report incidents to the Society online at www.stopracism.ca. Mail can be sent to CAERS at POB 268-4111 St., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5C 6T7. E-mail can be directed to info@stopracism.ca. Victims of racism and hate crime are also encouraged to contact a local law enforcement agency in case of emergency or to make a complaint. Complaints can also be made online.
INTRODUCTION
Hate groups are growing in size and number throughout Canada as they are in the United States and the countries of Western and Eastern Europe. The members of the most violent and extreme groups are easy to recognize with their bald or nearly bald heads, camouflage pants and Doc Martin Boots. When these groups parade with nazi flags and bear signs advocating violence against immigrants, their motives are hard to misinterpret. But other equally extreme groups have learned to blend with the mainstream. They meet in libraries and universities under the ruse of "defending" free speech or promoting "responsible" immigration policy and foreign aid reform. These groups claim they are not racist but are just concerned with preserving European culture and "ethnic balance". They are not against "traditional" immigration but are concerned that new immigrants take away jobs, are a drain on the public purse and are responsible for drugs, crime and the destruction of Canadian values. They argue that life-boat Canada is in danger of being "swamped" by "non-traditional" immigrants and their new cultures. Calling themselves Canadian "patriots" or "friends of freedom", they claim they are not fascist but think that Hitler was a hero who received unfair treatment in the media. They claim that the Holocaust is just a "racket" to extract sympathy and money for a sinister world-wide plot to ruin western European culture and religion. They claim they are "not racist" but "just love their own race". They are not racist but "racialists". They are not violent but want to protect themselves and their families from the disease ridden "hordes" of the world.
The rise of the extreme right in Canada can not be blamed on economic restructuring and the decline of the family farm, fishing and forest industries alone. The paranoid and vicious style of political rhetoric has provided a welcoming climate for racism and sometimes violent intolerance. Some mainstream political parties have claimed, in fact, that the recognition of First Nations legal rights is race-based and that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms should be suspended in order that refugee claimants can be more easily deported. Recent news reports referring to unfortunate migrants from China as "boat people" reinforce the racist right depiction of immigrants "swamping" life-boat Canada. In this climate of extreme rhetoric, hate groups look like part of the mainstream, particularly when newspapers parade leaders of racist groups as experts on freedom of expression and immigration policy.
Mistrust, fear and resentment are the weapons used by the racist right to recruit otherwise bright articulate university educated students, among others. It is this new cadre of bright young men and women that racist groups now rely on to promote a "softer image" for public consumption. In private, however, racist groups continue to celebrate Hitler's birthday, sing National Socialist songs, and support racist skinheads. In public they market racist and pro-Hitler books under the guise of freedom of expression and flood the Internet and meeting halls with a stream of paranoid, delusionary, hate filled rhetoric that can only result in serious violence to the targets of their hatred and contempt.
What can be done about well-financed racist and fascist groups that present themselves as part of the mainstream using libraries and other public facilities at tax-payers expense? What can be done when racist skinheads parade in downtown Vancouver, Winnipeg and Toronto yelling "White pride!", "White power!"? What can be done when young white Canadian youth make a business out of selling white power bands like the BC-based Odin's Law or the Ontario-based RAHOWA (the acronym for Racial Holy War), or when the Knights of Ku Klux Klan begin to recruit youth in your town or neighbourhood? What can be done when newspaper columnists argue that 500 racist skinheads in Canada are no cause for alarm and that better hate crime laws are not needed? What can be done when even mainstream newspapers promote anti-semitism and cite racists as "authorities"?
Sun Tzu, a sage writing in China 2,500 years ago, recommended that: "Plan for what is difficult while it is easy, do what is great while it is small. The most difficult things in the world must be done while they are still easy, the greatest things in the world must be done while they are still small. For this reason sages never do what is great, and this is why they can achieve that greatness." While we might not adopt every recommendation made in Sun Tzu's great work, it is as true today as it was then: the key to success in any endeavour is to tackle problems as soon as they emerge. To ignore a problem - to try and appease racist groups by letting them meet in public facilities at tax payers expense and to allow them air time to express their hatred - can only lead to disaster both for leaders, for victims of hate and for society as a whole. Racism and hatred effect everyone. The advice of this manual is to not try and deny racism but, as Helmut-Harry Loewen of the Western Anti-racist Network in Winnipeg Manitoba argues, expose and oppose it where ever and when ever it appears. Tolerating racism and bigotry will lead only to a totalitarian society that denies everyone their human and civil rights.
By exposing and opposing hate groups, their activities are brought to light, community-based coalitions can be formed to support the targets of hatred and the recruitment of youth can be halted. But as much as we would like, there is no blueprint, no "cookie cutter" approach, to effective community organizing. Effective organizing against hate groups must take into account particular situations; what may be successful in a small rural community at one point in time may not be at all successful in a large metropolitan city and vice versa. Nor would a strategy that works well in an urban setting automatically work for aboriginal people on reserve land. How a particular community responds to hate group activity depends on the resources that can be mobilized, the public perception of the problem and how public attention can be focused on the negative consequences of anti-democratic forces for all Canadians.
Contrary to popular opinion and what is usually presented in the mainstream media racism and hate groups did not disappear after the Second World War. Racism may have taken different forms, but virulent hate group activity is still with us and young people are still being recruited to commit violence for a planned "racial holy war". The guidelines for successful organizing against this kind of hatred and contempt presented in the following pages are based on years of exposing and opposing hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Aryan Nations in both small communities and large urban cities throughout Canada.
The argument of the manual is not that legal remedies and law enforcement agencies are not needed. The reverse is true: good laws, the political will to use them and effective law enforcement are urgently needed throughout Canada. Nor do we argue that education is useless. What we argue after years of organizing in communities against hatred is that effective long-term successful opposition to hate group activity is based on community driven practical grass-roots initiatives. We have had the good fortune of finding and working with partners in government, human rights, educational institutions and law enforcement who have supported grass-roots initiatives. But there have been far more instances when suspicion and fear have hampered work and Canadian society has suffered. Government, law enforcement agencies and educational institutions need to understand and actively support the initiatives and recommendations presented in the following pages instead of denying the problem or trying to avoid dealing with racism and hate group activity.
REPORT HATE & BIAS ACTIVITY
Victims of racism and hate crime should be encouraged to file a report online at WWW.antiracist.com or fax the particulars to 604.687.7389. Mail can be sent to CAERS at POB 2783, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6A 1T3; Regina, Saskatchewan; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Victims of anti-semitism and hate crime are also encouraged to contact the Bnai B'rith hotline at 1.800 and the BC Hate Crime Team at 604.660.
We encourage everyone to "observe, record and report" hate crime, hate symbols and any other manifestations of hate activity. Use the accompanying from or e-mail the particulars of hate incidents to WWW.antiracist.com
(INCIDENT REPORT FORM HERE )
INSIDE
The manual is divided into six parts. The first debunks a number of powerful myths that have prevented Canadians from understanding the growth of hate groups and the recruitment of youth and from taking action. The second presents guidelines for successful community organizing against hate groups and a summary of a number of important community driven initiatives that were critical in preventing hate. The full case studies of those and other successful community driven initiatives are presented in Organizing Rules previously published by the Canadian Anti-racism Educational and Research Society. The third part presents security guidelines and a checklist of precautions to ensure public safety when organizing. Part four presents a brief examination of how youth are recruited into hate groups and what helps re-integration into society. Part five examines hate group warning signs. Part six examines the legal remedies available for fighting hate in Canada and examples of successful court cases and human rights complaints. Part seven provides important community resources for combating hate: the definition of important concepts contact groups that can provide help to communities and a list of resources for further study.
Readers are cautioned that the information provided in this manual is not meant as legal advice. A lawyer should be consulted on legal matters and community based organization with a proven track record should be consulted about effective non-violent solutions to dealing with hate groups, security issues and hate group recruitment. A list of groups and contacts that can provide help is presented the appendices.
1. MYTHS ABOUT HATE GROUPS
HATE SPEECH IS ALLOWED IN CANADA
The media and civil libertarians ignore the harm done by hate speech and defend hate speech by claiming that freedom of speech is an absolute right protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In fact, the Charter recognizes that the right to freedom of expression must be balanced by the protection of other equally important rights. Civil libertarians and the media need to recognize that freedom of expression is an empty right if identifiable groups are not protected from hate propaganda. How can members of a group exercise their rights to freedom of expression and assembly if they are the targets of hatred and are systematically attacked simply because of the colour of their skin, gender, religion, sexual orientation or ability? No one would claim that yelling "fire" in a crowded theatre should be protected. In fact, those who advocate the freedom to spread hate are the first to use libel law to silence their opponents. In mature democracies, freedom of expression comes with responsibility. The question at issue is: "Who sets the standards, hate mongers or responsible citizens through democratic institutions?"
HATE GROUPS DO NOT CREATE RACISM
It is often claimed that hate groups should be ignored because they do not create racism but are simply a reflection of a racist culture. While it is true that hate groups would not be tolerated if it were not for culturally-based racism, hate groups exist to create divisions between groups and to produce and reproduce ideologies that support racism, xenophobia and intolerance. In fact, hate groups are not just a reflection of a particular cultural world view, but are active agents in helping to maintain and spread racism, anti-semitism, homophobia and intolerance. Some hate groups are explicit about fostering racism, prejudice and violence as a means of orchestrating a future "racial war." For example, Racial Loyalty, the newsletter of the Church Of The Creator states that: "What is good for the White Race is the highest value; what is bad for the White Race is the ultimate sin." The subtitle of Racial Loyalty, states that it is the "Spearhead of the White Racial Holy War." The subtitle refers to the belief in a "race" war and propagates the notion that it is the destiny of the so-called white race to bring civilization to the world.
IGNORE HATE GROUPS (AND THEY WILL GO AWAY)
There is a myth that the best strategy for dealing with hate groups is to simply ignore them. It is argued that giving racists and homophobes attention simply rewards them for asocial behaviour and helps them attract youth. Some community groups have, in fact, lobbied the news media to ignore incidents of hate group activity and governments to boycott groups that track and monitor hate group activity. The mainstream media for its part has seldom devoted serious attention to the problem of hate groups and youth recruitment for fear of libel suits the deluge of letters and calls that come from racists who naturally object to adverse news coverage. Some government bureaucrats have also attempted to prevent discussion about hate group activity because it "causes fear" in the community and may prevent people attending multicultural celebrations. However, the overwhelming sentiment expressed by community leaders and experts in the field is that exposure, not concealment, is the best strategy to combat organized hate to undermine their ability to recruit youth and commit further violence.
HATE GROUPS ARE JUST A POLICING PROBLEM
It would be of great relief to monitory communities and groups that track hate groups, if legislation, government programs and law enforcement alone could prevent hate motivated violence. Unfortunately, hate crime legislation in Canada is weak and education only works when people are ready to learn. To make matters worse, hate groups are well funded and are successfully recruiting alienated young men and women. As a result, the main line of defense against hate groups has been the individuals and communities that are outraged by the reemergence of racist and fascist groups that want to deny non-Europeans entry to Canada and want to restrict citizenship rights to "protect European values and culture". Hate groups feed on fear and intolerance. Leaving hate groups to law enforcement agencies will not result in the elimination of the climate of intolerance growing across Canada. In fact, law enforcement agencies, hate crime units, and the legal system can only deal with the most extreme forms of hate after a law has been broken. Law enforcement agencies can not "expose or oppose" groups or leaders of groups to protect a community nor can they help neighbourhoods respond to hate through community rallies and anti-racism events. Indeed, victims of hate amy, in fact, be reluctant to contact police agencies because of the negative perception of law enforcement agencies.
HATRED IS SIMPLY ABOUT IGNORANCE AND FEAR
Focusing on just a few of the most sensational aspects of the hate group movement has created a myth that members of racist hate groups are simply a collection of uneducated high school dropouts kooks, loonies or fools. However, as Barret (1987) and Aho (1990) show membership in racist hate groups is not correlated with low intelligence or low levels of formal education. According to Barret (1987: 35-39) study of the racist right in Canada, fully 62% of the members of hate groups he interviewed had attended university, college or had technical school training. Aho's (1990: 139-146) detailed study of the racist right in the United States confirms Barret's findings. Research shows that hate groups recruit from every occupational level and they target bright, educated young men and women. For example, the White Aryan Resistance Movement is designed to draw blue collar workers while CAUSE attracts lawyers. The presence of professors, teachers and lawyers in extreme right groups is not a new phenomenon. From the Anti-Asiatic Exclusion League of the nineteen hundreds, to the fascist parties of the 1930s, to modern "free speech" leagues, members of racist groups are drawn from every stratum of society. Racism and bigotry are often not about ignorance and fear but are based in profit, power and control. How effective is cross-cultural and diversity training alone when groups and populist political parties world-wide profit from creating bigotry and fear? The result of research is not entirely positive.
THERE IS NO HATE IN CANADA
A dangerous myth is that hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan do not exist in Canada. Many students in British Columbia are taught, in fact, that racism was eradicated in Canada after the Second World War and hate groups are simply a US or Western European problem. If there is racism in Canada it is a more gentile and subtle type that is fast disappearing with advanced education. In reality, Canada is home to some of the most virulent hate mongers in the world. Canada is one of the top five exporters of Holocaust denial propaganda to Germany where to deny the Holocaust is a criminal offense and German authorities have lobbied the Canadian government to take action against the export of hate material to Germany, but with little effect. Canada is also home to hate sites on the Internet, hate Bulletin Board Services, the headquarters of one of the world's largest production companies for racist magazines and CDs and had the most sophisticated telephone hate message system in North America until it was shut down by the Canadian Human Rights Commission. There is a mountain of evidence that not only are hate groups common to Canada, but they have a very long history in the county stemming back to first colonization. To believe that hate is simply a problem that is imported to Canada is dangerous because it ignores the conditions that produce and reproduce hate in our own homes, communities and country.
HATE GROUPS ARE NOT WELL ORGANIZED
It has been erroneously assumed that hate groups are not well organized nationally or internationally. As Kinsella (1994) shows, however, there is a "web of hate" in Canada with international connections. To give just a few examples of this web of hate: Tony McAleer of the Canadian Liberty Net based in Vancouver, BC flew to Auschwitz with John Metzger, the son of infamous Tom Metzger of White Aryan Resistance based in Fallbrook, California to air a live televised show to challenge the history of the Holocaust. To their credit, German authorities arrested McAleer and Metzger and deported them. When Surrey, BC based Odin's Law held a concert in a local community hall in September, 1997. Pictures taken at the event clearly show California and New York state license plates. The Toronto based Heritage Front has also held several meetings featuring Dennis Mahon of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan based in the US mid-west and Tom and John Metzger of California. Canadian authorities arrested and deported the Metzgers only after they had spoken to a sell-out crowd. A growing number of Canadians also make annual pilgrimages to the Aryan Nation compound in Hayden Lake, Idaho. In 1996, Charles Scott then resident in Chilliwack, BC, was honoured by Aryan Nations as "man of the year" for his racist recruiting. Finally, Paul Fromm, a former Ontario school teacher who was fired in February, 1997 for breaching an agreement to not associate with white supremacists, has spoken on a number of occasions at gatherings attended by well-known racists. The presence in Canada of a white supremacist social movement with important international ties necessitates a wholesale re-evaluation of contemporary anti-racism theory and practise. In fact, hate groups in Canada produce an alarming quantity of very sophisticated newsletters, journals, books, computer bulletin boards, and web pages of far better quality than anti-racist organizations.
HATE GROUPS ARE DRIVEN BY SINGLE ISSUES
Hate groups are assumed to be either strictly racist, anti-First Nations, homophobic, anti-choice, anti-immigration or anti-union. In fact, hate groups are opportunistic and will expand into areas where they can garner support, recruit new members, or raise money because of tensions or divisions within a community. An obvious example of the ability of hate groups to capitalize on current issues is Aboriginal land title. Hate groups are flourishing in the towns and villages dependent on resource extraction throughout Canada. Anti-Native hate groups argue that Aboriginal land title is a "special right" that creates "super citizens" and that recognition of legal entitlements leads to so-called race-based laws and apartheid. Hate groups argue that Aboriginal rights will take away jobs from "ordinary" Canadians and will eventually subvert democracy. Rather than simply a marginal perspective, the arguments of the Heritage Front, the KKK and a host of other white supremacist organizations regarding Native title have entered the mainstream through some mainstream political parties.
But hate groups do not just target just people of colour, or Jews, but actively support the most extreme elements of anti-choice groups. A number of former members of the Ku Klux Klan, for example, have direct ties to anti-choice groups. The leader of the Northern Foundation, Anne Hartmann, plays an important role in Realwomen. Barry Wray and Ernie Britskie have picketed the Everywoman's Health Centre in Vancouver. Wray's brother, Dan, was the Grand Titan of the BC KKK in the 1980s and he now is associated with the Pro-Life Association based in Melville, Saskatchewan. Dan also contributes to The Interim - the Campaign Life Coalition's newsletter. Barry Wray, Al Hooper (another long time member of the BC KKK) and Tony McAleer, a former skinhead recruiter, proprietor of the racist Canadian Liberty Net and manager of the racist rock band, Odin's Law, were charged with assault in 1990 an incident in which a passerby objected to them handing out Aryan Nations propaganda. Realwoman BC President Peggy Steachy has also spoken at events with Dan Wray. One meeting was held at the Croatian Cultural Centre and sponsored by the La Rouche organization and Life Gazette. Steachy is the editor of a pro-life newsletter based in Surrey, BC.
CONCLUSION
There has been a serious lack of research, media coverage and education about hate groups in Canada. This has resulted in the various myths examined above. Canadians will not take concrete steps to help eliminate hate until they understand that hate is real, alive and well in Canada and that there are non-violent solutions to racism and hate group activity. The following pages examine the guidelines that we recommend for effective community response to hate group activity.
2. HOW HATE GROUPS RECRUIT
Hate groups target anyone for recruitment who is white-skinned, heterosexual but not a Jew. But they concentrate on communities undergoing stress from unemployment, immigration fears, farm foreclosures, and particularly young people who are not well integrated into the community. Recently, women, particularly bright young women, are being targeted as spokespersons for groups that want to project a softer public profile. The Heritage Front in Toronto, for example, recruited several young men and women in the early to mid-1990s to provide a more mainstream image to the media.
There are a number of steps used to recruit youth. First contact is typically to develop rapport and friendship. The second step is to provide "a family", support and a network of friends. The third involves reading hate propaganda or attending racist rock concerts. The more sophisticated the group, the longer the longer the indoctrination process may take. Sophisticated groups act like a funnel to direct would be recruits into the more extremist groups where they are likely to commit serious violence.
CASE STUDY: EDUCATED, WHITE, YOUNG AND FEMALE
Emily Heinrichs was interviewed two years after leaving a Christian Identity group based in the northeastern part of the United States. She was then nineteen years old and a full-time college student. She had been threatened for speaking out about the group she had belonged to and did not feel entirely safe. Nevertheless, she felt that it is important to speak out about hate and the process of speaking about her experiences made her feel that she was doing something worthwhile as well as providing her some insight into what had happened to her. Speaking out was in fact a cathartic experience.
Emily spent eighteen months of her life, from the age of 14 to about 16, living in at the Identity compound. She has a young daughter borne when Emily was a member of Christian Identity. Emily was attracted to the Identity group because of youthful rebellion against her parents, the attention lavished on her and the care free lifestyle of young male members.She explains her first encounter with the Christian Identity group: "I met Mark Thomas and his followers in January when I was 14 years old, and they were having one of their annual "white pride days." And a bunch of the young skinheads were outside throwing snowballs and I happened to be walking down the street with my dog and they started throwing snowballs at me and whistling at me, and just, you know. And so I see a bunch of guys, and some of them were cute so I went over there and talked to them."
There was nothing high pressure about the encounter and Emily just began to hang-out with the boys: "...I went over and talked to these guys and they just seemed like friendly guys. They were dressed a little weird, they didn't have hair, and a lot of them had tattoos. But you know I was kind of interested in them, because I was at a new school I didn't really have a lot of friends and here were some guys that were friendly and wanted to get to know me."
Emily was raised in an upper-middle class home where she was taught respect for all cultures. She had two adopted Puerto Rican brothers, yet youthful rebellion, lack of friends in a new community, coupled with the excitement of meeting racist skinheads who treated her with respect and dignity was enough to open the door to a powerful recruitment process that removed all sense of herself as a person who knew better than to become a young mother to the racist movement. But Emily was not asked to accept Christian Identity at first "they just made me feel right at home. They made some home made chicken noodle soup, and we just sat down and talked and the subject of Christian Identity or any kind of skinhead activity was not even mentioned. We just talked about normal things. And I started hanging out there everyday after school just anytime I had free time because they were people who accepted me, and that's what I was looking for."
Emily was slowly introduced to Christian Identity and the lifestyle: "[I]t was a very gradual process. I mean we didn't talk about anything to do with Christian Identity until I was there a few weeks, maybe even like two months. I did learn how to shoot a gun like a week after I had been there. But that was just another thing that kind of appealed to the kid side in me. It was exciting, he taught me how to take apart all kinds of guns. We started with just like a regular pistol, and we moved up to assault rifles and shot guns, machine guns and everything. That was fun, that was the thing that really drew me in, and plus just the company of a bunch of guys that were friendly and liked to hang out. "
After thinking about her experience, Emily summarized the factors that led to her recruitment in the hate group: "I think part of the reason that I was so drawn into Identity was that, first of all I was at a very impressionable age, and wanted to rebel against my parents. And here was an opportunity that I knew my parents didn't approve of it. And [the leader was] a very good teacher and he had some kind of power over me that just made me see everything through his eyes."
There was also an issue of power. "There was a part of me that wanted that power over just all people. There was something in me that needed to feel good about myself, and somehow I just got misguided into thinking that the only thing good about me was the fact that I was white. It seemed that I was always a good student in school, but that wasn't enough, anything that I had ever done was never enough, it just came down to the colour of my skin and I thought that that was enough. I thought that that was power, superiority, Ôwow I'm white so I'm great.' It's so stupid...."
Identity became her Emily's life and she started to withdraw from her the people in school. "So I started kind of not hanging out or associating with anyone in my high school. My grades started to go down because I got involved with the skinheads even more than their religion. And we would go out and drink on school nights, you know, I didn't even have time for school."
But the leader of the group wanted Emily to attend school to help recruit other students. "Actually I was involved in active recruitment in my high school when I bothered to go anyway. We had a whole bunch of literature and tapes and pamphlets and information and I would hand it out. Now a lot of the kids at school just thought it was funny. But a lot of the guys, mainly who were interested in guns and hunting and things like that. We had a lot of pamphlets that were about survivalist things, and mainly involved around guns, and so that really appealed to a lot of the guys."
Emily finally left the group because of a personal crisis. Emily became pregnant and realized that the lifestyle she had plunged into was not what she wanted for her daughter. "[W}hen I looked and saw how Mark's small children acted and how other people in this group acted, little two year-olds ...yelling, Ôheil Hitler', and using derogatory terms for people of different colours. And that wasn't right to me at all, no matter what you believe I don't think that you should force your beliefs on a child that small ...that's what disgusted me, and that's what made me really wake up in a sense. I knew if I stayed in this group, my child would be raised in this way, and I didn't want that for that child. So, I just left... and I'm glad that I was pregnant, because that was what made it so easy to leave."
But the indoctrination into the group left scares. "The process of leaving, although I left physically and in an instant I was gone, it took a long time to work out all the mental, I guess you'd call it indoctrination. Because even now I know I still have some parts of my mind that are a little, I don't want to say prejudiced, but there's still a part of me that's a little bit Identity. It's not just something that you just snap out of, it's definitely a long process of learning. Part of the thing that's helped the most, was going out and speaking about it..."
Emily warns other young people about her indoctrination into Identity: "The scary thing is [that] Mark explained the whole picture of Identity to me as looking at a picture of all dots, and there's a picture in it of like a cat, and you don't see it right away, and then someone points it out to you and shows you where the lines go, and shows you the image, and then every time you look at the picture again you don't just see dots, you see the cat. And that's how Mark taught me what Identity is, he told me I'll always see the picture of Identity, and I guess I always will, not that I will believe it, but there's still something in it that I can't make it into dots again. It's just there."
Emily is enrolled in college now. She continues to speak out against hate groups with the support of her family.
3. WARNING SIGNS: RACIST SYMBOLS AND DATES
Symbols can serve many purposes. They may serve to identify members of a group and/or affirmation of an idea or ideology. Symbols may also be used to mark out the territory of a group or gang. Organized racist groups use symbols for all these purposes as well as to intimidate and harass the victims of their hatred However, before assuming that a person belongs to a group because they bear a symbol we need to investigate what the symbol means to the person wearing or using it, if possible. Speaking to the person about the meaning of a symbol can serve as an important intervention if conducted appropriately.
What can we do about racist symbols when they are used to intimidate and harass? The first step in dealing with racist symbols is to be able to identify them. Some racist symbols such as the swastika or the iron cross are widely known. Others are relatively new or less well known. You should also familiarize yourself with them and acronyms like ZOG (ZOG stands for "Zionist Occupied Government" and is used to create anti-semitic attitudes), RaHoWa (the acronym of the racist rock band, Racial Holy War), 14 Words (The 14 words are: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children." The expression was originally coined by American neo-Nazi David Lane who is now 99 years in prison and has a publishing company and website by that name.) and significant dates in the white supremacist movement.
When you see a racist symbol, record the date, time, location, description of the wearer and particulars of your observation. Take a picture of the symbol, if possible. Report your observations to a law enforcement agency, the BC Hate Crime team and any one of the groups listed on the back panel of this brochure. Community groups are there to help. Some are dedicated to tracking and monitoring hate groups and their symbols.
(Symbols will accompany text)
Aryan Brotherhood
A tattoo of a shamrock with the letters "AB" on, or near it, identifies members of the Aryan Brotherhood. The group is particularly active in correctional facilities in both Canada and the United States.
Aryan Nations
A Christian Identity organization dedicated to preaching hate under the guise of religion. The full name is the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations. The group maintains an armed compound in Idaho where white power gatherings are usually held in April to coincide with Hitler's birthday.
Women for Aryan Unity
This international organization focuses on the recruitment of young women into the movement. They have post office addresses in Victoria, BC; Holland,.....
Bulldog
Originally used by fascist groups in the U.K., the bulldog worn as a tattoo/patch is becoming more prevalent in Canada and the United States.
Celtic Cross
Another symbol used by fascist groups in the U.K., it is now one of the most prominent white supremacy symbols in North America.
Hammerskins
There are Hammerskin chapters throughout the world. They use various designs with crossed hammers usually in the centre with the flag of their country of residence surrounding the hammers.
Heritage Front
Heritage Front is a Toronto-based hate group with chapters throughout Canada. Once Canada's largest coalition of racist and fascist groups, several Heritage Front leaders have been jailed and the organization has been rocked by scandal. Founders of the HF include convicted felon Wolfgang Droege who once headed a British Columbia based KKK chapter.
Ku Klux Klan
Klan blood drop and cross is the classic symbol of the Ku Klux Klan worn on their white hooded Klan robes and on the lapels of suits. The KKK is infamous world-wide for murder and intimidation. The KKK, however, was not the first and is not currently the main hate group in North America. Small chapters continue throughout Canada with as few as 500 members in the country, down from as many as one hundred thousand during the 1920s.
Nazi Death Head/Totenkopf
Symbol of the Nazi SS Totenkopf-Division used today to project an image of racist violence, much like the SS Thunder Bolt runes.
National Alliance
Considered by many monitoring groups as the largest distributor of hate propaganda in North America. Books, audio/video tapes and brochure are distributed under "Vanguard Books".
NSDAP-AO
Symbol used by the National Socialist Party outside Germany - a Hitler group led by Gary Lauck of Lincoln, Nebraska. The group is one of the top producers of hate propaganda. Lauck was jailed in Denmark for advocating hatred.
Norse Rune
Symbol adopted by Nazis throughout North America and Western Europe. Runes are used to evoke magic and as a form of communication.
Rolling Sevens (777)
Symbol of the South African white supremacist Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB). Racists use this symbol to indicate sympathy for apartheid, among other things.
SS Thunder Bolts
Symbol of the Waffen-SS, the most ruthless of Hitler's henchmen. Used today as a symbol to promote genocidal and fascist violence.
Third Reich
This symbol of the Third Reich in Germany is one of many adopted from the nazis used by extremist groups throughout the world.
WAR
White Aryan Resistance. Symbol of the California-based white supremacist organization that has over the years targeted youth with a blitzkrieg of crude racist comics, pamphlets and TV shows. Founder Tom Metzger was found guilty of inciting youth to commit a hate motivated murder in Portland, Oregon and fined 12.5 million dollars. The judgement did not put him out of the business of hate.
White Power
The white power fist is a generic symbol used by white supremacists around the world to promote domination and provoke fear.
Zundel Printing
Logo for Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel's printing company, Samizdat Publishing. Zundel wrote The Hitler We Knew and Loved. To avoid hate propaganda laws, Zundel now uses the Internet and other electronic forms of communication.
TATOOS
RACIST ROCK RECORDS
INTERNET SITES
DATES TO REMEMBER
The following are important dates to the far-right movement and incidents/attacks are more likely to occur on these dates.
APRIL
19---Siege, standoff & search on the paramilitary, racist organization, Covenant, Sword & Arm of the Lord (CSA), began in Arkansas, 1985; Final siege and burning of Branch Davidian compound in Waco, TX, 1993; Bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, 1995; Execution of convicted murderer & white supremacist Richard Wayne Snell in Arkansas, 1995.
20---Adolph Hitler's birthday
26---Birthday of Rudolph Hess; Confederate Memorial Day
MAY
06---Ku Klux Klan incorporated, 1866
10---Confederate Memorial Day
JUNE
Gay & Lesbian Pride Month
AUGUST
21---Siege at Ruby Ridge begins, 1992
30---Siege at Ruby Ridge ends
SEPTEMBER
23---The "Order" founded
OCTOBER
11---National Coming Out Day for gays & lesbians
NOVEMBER
09 & 10 --- Anniversary of Kristallnacht
DECEMBER
08---Shootout and death of Robert Mathews of the Order (Silent Brotherhood) Whidbey Island, 1984
24---KKK founded
4. STAY SAFE - SECURITY GUIDELINES
Hate groups often harass and/or use physical violence to attempt to stop community groups from exposing and opposing their activities. Throughout the early 1990s the Heritage Front mounted a systematic campaign of harassment against activists, including telephone calls at work and at home. Some Final Solution Skins in Edmonton decided that Keith Rutherford, a retired newspaper reporter, needed to be punished for a twenty-year-old news broadcast and beat him, causing the loss of an eye. Death threats were received by the Mayor of Chilliwack and reporters with the Chilliwack Progress and their families were threatened and what was reported as a bomb was left outside their office. When a racist rock concert was condemned by the acting Mayor of Surrey a rock wrapped in a piece of paper bearing a Nazi swastika was thrown through the front window of his house. There have also been three shootings of doctors who provide abortion services in Canada during the past four years. Successfully organizing against hate involves dealing with intimidation, FOIs, law suits, death threats and actual physical violence. When faced with violence, anti-racist and anti-fascist groups need to adopt a number of security measures that will provide a proactive response to retaliation. The following are a number of general guidelines for community safety. However, we recommend that you contact a professional security company, a law enforcement agency or one of the community based orgnaziaitons listed in Appendix A.
CASE STUDY: INTIMIDATION AND HARASSMENT
Excerpts from an article by Warren Kinsella. For the complete article see Organizing Rules.
One pleasant June evening in 1994, a few weeks after the publication of my book Web of Hate: Inside Canada's Far Right Network - a book that was variously described as harmful, exaggerated and (my personal favourite) alarmist by a few detractors at the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Sun and the like - I stood on my driveway, fishing in my pockets for my house key, when I heard a curious sound. It was the sound of male voices; they sounded youngish and not a little angry, and they seemed to be directed at me. I squinted into the dark, in the direction of the voices. In the Ottawa neighbourhood in which my wife and I live - a neighbourhood for which the hackneyed phrase "quiet and residential" was probably invented - it is not every evening that one encounters angry young men bellowing at passerbys near midnight.
I looked back at our darkened house, where I knew my wife was inside, asleep. The voices continued, barking a few curses and - unmistakably, this time - my name. I started to walk to the end of our driveway. Awaiting me, on the opposite side of Imperial Avenue, was a battered Pinto-style hatchback. In the back seat, there appeared to be a young man with close-cropped hair. Standing on the street, beside the open doors of the hatchback, were two other young men. They were muscular specimens, with shaved heads, and they both appeared to be holding something in their hands. After a brief pause in which I was surveyed by my new friends, the shouting continued. While the one at the passenger door gave a Nazi-style salute, his colleague on the driver's side hollered something to the effect of: "Cameras won't save you, Kinsella." This, undoubtedly, was a reference to the closed-circuit cameras that had been installed earlier that same day on the exterior of our home. The cameras had been recommended to us by the Ottawa Police Service, which had acquired reason to believe that certain Ottawa-area neo-Nazis - angry about Web of Hate - were planning to fire-bomb our home or blow up our car. I reached into my jacket for the small cellular phone that I always carry, once again, at the recommendation of the police. I started to press a few buttons. Seeing this, the skinheads climbed into their car and shut the doors. As they slowly made a U-turn to pull away, the skinhead in the passenger seat flashed his middle finger and bellowed: "White power!"
After the car had disappeared from sight, I went inside, where my wife was already calling the police. Both of us knew the number by heart. In the days and weeks following the publication of Web of Hate, we had been stalked by Anne Hartmann, crypto-Nazi leader of the Northern Foundation; I had been threatened (in a hallway at the Ottawa courthouse, no less, where I had been subpoenaed to testify in a hate trial) by Northern Hammerskin leader Dan Roussel; we learned the Nationalist Party of Canada and other white supremacist groups had decided to hold a whites-only "picnic" in the park directly behind our home, prompting the Ottawa Police to call in the riot squad; and, for good measure, the editors at Frank magazine - who at one time, coincidentally enough, assisted Ms. Hartmann in the production of her far-right rag, Northern Voice - published our address for every neo-Nazi in the country to clip and save.
While my wife waited for a police officer to come on the line, I told her about my brief encounter with the trio of skinheads. As we sat there in the dark, waiting, I remembered that Bill Dunphy - the Toronto Sun's self-appointed expert on hate groups - had called Web of Hate "alarmist". I mentioned this to my wife. "Alarmist?" she said. "Maybe Bill wouldn't think it was so alarmist if he had a bunch of Nazis sieg-heiling at the end of his driveway." We both laughed. "Something tells me you're right."
**
Those who believe that Canada's far right is populated by a minuscule number of red-necked mouth-breathers with little organizational ability - and even less smarts - need only re-read the above passage. As one who has endured a harassment campaign that has gone on for months, I can easily testify to the ability of neo-Nazis and white supremacists to intimidate and terrorize. Just today, in fact, I returned home from work to find an envelope full of child pornography in my mailbox. The kiddie porn had been directed to our home, without much doubt, by some pro-Nazi coward. His or her objective has been simple: to provoke fear. For those far-right types now reading these words, I have one message: it won't work. You won't scare us out of our home. You won't make us leave town. You won't stop me from speaking out against racism. This, at the end of the day, is the best way to combat Canada's growing web of hate - to refuse to be intimidated. To refuse to be pushed around. To refuse to be afraid. Fear, after all, is what Canada's native hate movement is all about.
In the past two decades, Canada's racist right have acquired undeniable skills in their relentless campaign of fear. In the 1960s and 1970s, white supremacists were comparatively ineffective. By the 1980s, however, the haters had changed. They became better-organized. They became more articulate. They became more numerous.
Just as the haters have become better at what they do, then, so too must those who push back against the rising wave of intolerance. To invoke a cliche, education is the key. But education must take place at two distinct levels - in our schools, and in the strategies and tactics of anti-racist activities.
School yards - from primary and post-secondary - are the first battle-ground. Since the debut of the Canadian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1970s, home-grown hate groups have paid particular attention to our youth. Knowing that burgeoning unemployment and lack of opportunity have marginalized many (if not most) of Canada's next generations, the likes of Wolfgang Droege have elevated recruitment of disenfranchised young people to an art form. At its peak in early 1993, Droege's Heritage Front group could reliably claim to have captured new members at virtually every high school in the Metropolitan Toronto area. Offering youngsters much of what they are seeking - an anti-parent culture, a uniform, a secret society, a sense of belonging, an identity and even "racist rock" groups - Canada's hate group leaders have seduced thousands of adolescents into racist ideologies. Success in school yards and in classrooms is crucial to the future growth of neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups. It is no accident, for instance, that our schools have attracted so many men who subscribe to racist views: Jim Keegstra in Alberta, Malcolm Ross in New Brunswick, Paul Fromm in Ontario.
To beat racists on this level, we need to appeal to the hearts and minds of young Canadians. Intellectually, they must be shown that the various manifestation of hate promotion - Holocaust denial, racial epithets and discriminatory practices - are harmful and contrary to a modern society's best interests. Emotionally, majority students need to experience the pain and anxiety that are natural consequences of anti-semitism, homophobia and racism. But education must take place at another level, too. Anti-racist activities must adopt new and sophisticated tactics and strategies for combatting a hate movement that is better-organized and better-funded than ever before. Among these strategies and tactics are:
******
Every once in a while - not often, but often enough - my wife and I muse about what our lives would be like had I not written a book about Canada's racist right. Undoubtedly, we would be able to dispense with the numerous personal security devices both of us always carry. We would not need to position video cameras and lights on the exterior of our home. We would not need to register in hotels under assumed names, or change our unlisted telephone number evEry four months. We would not need to snap awake past midnight, having heard an unfamiliar sound outside our bedroom window. But Web of Hate was written, and published. Many of Canada's white supremacists and neo-Nazis don't like it. And I am not ashamed I have raised my voice against them. All of us need to raise our voices. All of us need to remember that Canada's racist groups are watching, waiting and growing stronger. They have not gone away in the past, and there is not much chance that they will go away in the immediate future.
CASE STUDY - STAY SAFE
Excerpts from an article by Joyce McArthur. For the complete article see Organizing Rules.
Physical harassment started to increase significantly in BC in 1991 and there was a dramatic increase in threatening phone calls after the Dr. Romalis shooting in 1994. Some of the harassment went beyond threats. Doctors had been chased from their offices to their cars. Workers had been kneed, shoved, and pushed at their offices and homes. Doctors had been picketed at their homes, with protesters' signs labelling them as murderers. With the Romalis and Short shootings, the antichoice have shown themselves to be on the "cutting edge of terrorist-type violence in Canada."
But anti-abortion violence was not being taken seriously by police and other authority figures. They seemed to feel that staying neutral was the answer, but how can the police stay neutral when someone is breaking the law? The antichoice movement is more organized than people generally think and far more organized than the pro-choice movement. Unfortunately, doctors, staff, and other individuals seem "extremely naive" about the real violent potential of the antichoice movement and who personally felt immune from any danger. This mentality was largely a result of providers being isolated, not organized, and not sharing information with each other.
The abortion issue is a "group against group" situation, Burns explained. The antichoice tend not to target particular individuals; instead, they prefer to shop around for the easiest mark. Any abortion doctor will do. If they can not access a doctor, any staff member will do. And so on. If you are a member of a group involved in providing or protecting abortion services, and you are its weakest link (security-wise), you may be at risk, regardless of your relative importance or profile in the group. But if you do have a high profile within your group, you risk attracting attention not only to yourself but to others around you. Therefore, doctors who perform abortions have a serious responsibility to protect their family and staff as well as themselves.
Remember-stay alert, stay safe!
SECURITY CHECK LIST
Home and Office
Work
Telephone Harassment
Vandalism
Hate Propaganda
Hate Mail
Demonstrations
Activists
Bombs
Mail Bombs
SIDEBAR - SECURITY
SIDEBAR FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND LIBEL
Hate groups will use whatever means possible in the attempt to discredit anti-racists and anti-racist organizations, including surveillance, illegal wire-taps, tracing cellular telephones, and hacking Internet Service Providers, etc.. Another tool that can tie up resources and are freedom of information (FOI) requests. FOIs are used to access government information. Racists groups can use FOI requests to: 1) intimidate supporters and funders, and 2) deplete government and community resources through "red tape". The best response to FOI requests is to try to ensure that whatever you put in writing can not be used against you. This is almost impossible to do, but care should be exercised with even the most sympathetic government agency. Another tool increasingly used by right-wing terrorists to intimidate anti-racist groups is libel law. Unlike other countries, it is relatively simple to file a libel suit in Canada regardless of the merits of the case. Libel suits are expensive to defend, tie up the resources, and intimidate groups from speaking out. Regardless of how careful a statement may be designed, there are groups that will want to sue for the sake of their cause and as a tactic for raising funds. While many hate groups hide behind names that appear to support freedom of expression, they are the first to sue for libel to shut organizations up. Ensure that have the best legal advice you can afford. You can raise money for a legal defense. Libel suits are also useful to the far right in order to discover what and how information about their groups is obtained. It is easier and certainly safer to force anti-racist groups to disclose information about funding, activities and personnel in court or through discovery than to try to infiltrate the group or to acquire confidential information through e-mail, snail mail or other means of surveillance.
5. LEGAL REMEDIES - THE LAW IN CANADA
Hate crime law and civil rights protections can be an effective deterrent to hate. First, those convicted of committing crime may end up in prison. This provides direct education to young people who flirt with joining hate groups and may serve as an important deterrent to joining and committing hate crime. Second, civil remedies can also be effective. For example, some of the key white supremacist groups in the United States have been forced to liquidate their assets to pay court costs and/or pay for civil rights violations. Civil remedies are much weaker in Canada and hate groups have been much more successful in suing anti-racist and ant-fascists for libel and defamation than anti-racists and anti-fascists have been in bringing hate mongers to justice. But this should not stop anti-racists from using legal remedy when possible. It is important to use each and every tool that is available and to lobby for better hate crime laws and to elect politicians who the development of tougher laws and support the prosecution of hate crime.
CRIMINAL CODE PROTECTIONS
Sections 318 of the Code states that anyone who advocates or promotes genocide is guilty of an indictable offense, where genocide refers to the intent to destroy in whole or in part any identifiable group. Section 319 (1) states that anyone who "by communicating statements in any public place, incites hatred against any identifiable group where such incitement is likely to lead to a breach of the peace is guilty of an offense. Section 319 (2) also makes it an offense under the Criminal Code to willfully promote hatred against an identifiable group other than in private conversation. The Code also allows the seizure of hate propaganda which is kept in premises for distribution or sale. The maximum sentence for advocating genocide is five years imprisonment. A person charged with inciting hatred or wilfully promoting hatred is liable to two years imprisonment if prosecuted by way of indictment or to six months and/or a $2,000 fine if by summary conviction.
There are four statutory defence against the charge of wilfully promoting hatred: 1) the statements communicated were true, 2) the statements expressed in good faith an opinion upon a religious subject, 3) that the statements were made on a subject of public interest which, on reasonable grounds, are believed to be true, and 4) pointing out in good faith, for purpose of removal, matters tending to produce feelings of hatred. In addition, the consent of a provincial Attorney General is required to initiate prosecution under the Code for advocating genocide or promoting hatred.
These very liberal defenses provided in law and the fear that charges under the Criminal Code for the promotion of hatred and genocide will give hate mongers free publicity have prevented charges against obvious hate mongers. As one senior Crown Council stated, there is fear that "an acquittal may well be seen as a vindication of the offender's views." It has also been felt that human rights statues are a more effective means of preventing hate. This is line with the minority opinion of the Supreme Court in the case of James Keegstra who was found to have breached Section 319(2) for anti-semitism. As Madame Justice Beverly McCloulin, wrote in the minority decision, argued 319 is not a reasonable limit on freedom of expression and that human rights legislation was a more appropriate remedy than criminal law. In the Keegstra case, for example, the Supreme Court of Canada found in a narrow 5 to 4 decision that Section 319 (2), of the Criminal Code places a justifiable limit on freedom of expression as protected by Section 2B of the Charter of Rights of Freedoms. This kind of thinking has resulted in a paucity of charges under the Criminal Code. Madame Justice Beverly MacGloughlin is now ...
SIDE BAR DEFINITION OF HATE
Hate has been defined in a number of Supreme Court rulings. Supreme Court Justice Dickson states that hate is not just a matter of discrimination or offensive comments. In the Keegstra decision - a former Alberta teacher convicted of breaching Section 319(2) -Dickson states that hate "connotes emotion of an intense and extreme nature that is clearly associated with vilification and detestation." Or as Supreme Court Justice Cory stated in the Andrews case: "To promote hatred is to instil detestation, enmity, ill will and malevolence in another. Clearly an expression must go a long way before it qualifies within that definition."
CASE STUDY CRIMINAL LAW
There are only a handful of prosecutions under sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code. James Keegstra was an Alberta secondary school teacher charged in 1984 with teaching anti-semitism. Keegstra taught his students that Jews are evil and described Jews as "treacherous", "subversive", "sadistic", "money-loving", "power hungry" and "child killers". He accused Jews of creating and perpetuating a myth that millions of Jews were killed by Hitler to gain sympathy. He compiled his students to accept his teachings or receive lower marks for class room work.
Keegstra was convicted of communicating hatred, but his conviction was over-turned by the Alberta Court of Appeal on the grounds that Section 319(2) violated Sections 2(b) and 11(d) of the Charter. The Crown appealed and in a 4-3 decision the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Section 319(2). The Supreme Court held that Section 319(2) violated the Charter, but that the violation was justified. Keegstra's conviction was therefore allowed to stand.
In justifying the decision of the Supreme Court, former Chief Justice Dickson stated that "Parliament has recognized the substantial harm that flow form bate propaganda, and in trying to prevent the paid suffered by target group members and to reduce racial, ethnic and religious tension in Canada has decided to suppress the wilful promotion of hatred against identifiable groups." Chief Justice Dickson also argued that the benefits of Section 319(2) outweigh its restrictions on Charter rights and freedoms. He concluded that the objective of promoting equality and dignity was of substantial importance and that the expression was of little value. The dissenting opinion was written by Madam Justice McLachlin who found that Section 319(2) was overly broad and vague. The term hatred was thought to be inherently subjective ad that Section 319(2) would have a chilling effect on legitimate debate.
Don Andrews was the leader of a white supremacist organization based in Ontario known as the National Party. This nationalist party produced a newsletter called The National Reporter which promoted white supremacy, decried "race-mixing" and denied the Holocaust. Andrews was convicted under Section 319(2) of the Criminal Code in 1985 and received 12 months in prison. Andrews appealed the decision to the Ontario Court of Appeal, but the appeal was rejected. Andrew's sentence was reduced, however, from 12 months to 3.
Ernst Zundel was convicted in 1985 for spreading "false news" about the Holocaust under Section 181 of the Criminal Code Of Canada. The charge for wilfully promoting false news was made because of the distribution of a 32 page pamphlet, Did Six Million Really Die? and The West, War and Islam. The latter pamphlet was written by the former deputy chairman of the fascist National Front for Historical Truth in Britain. Zundel co-authored The Hitler We Loved and Why. In 1992 the Supreme Court of Canada struck down Section 181 as an unreasonable limit to freedom of speech as guaranteed by Section 1 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, thus overturning Zundel's conviction by the Lower Court. The decision of the Supreme Court, however, did not exonerate Zundel. The decision simply pertained to Section 181 of the Criminal Code. A private citizen in Toronto decided to invoke Section 181 because of frustration with the Attorney General of Ontario who had refused to charge Zundel under the appropriate Sections of the Criminal Code for distributing hate propaganda.
In 1997, George Burdi (aka Rev. George Hawthorn) was charged under Section 319(2) for spreading hatred. Burdi was the young leader of the violently racist and homophobic World Church of the Creator in Canada during the early 1990s and was influential in the equally violent Heritage Front led by former head of the Ku Klux Klan, Wolfgang Droege. Burdi, along with two US nationals, were the founders of a magazine called Resistance and produced racist rock CDs for sale. The case is awaiting trial.
FEDERAL HUMAN RIGHTS LEGISLATION
The Canadian Human Rights Act has been one of the most important legislative tools to stop hate in Canada. Section 13 subsection 1 of the Canadian Human Rights Act prohibits the transmission by telecommunication of repeated messages of any matter that is likely to expose a person to hatred or contempt by reason of the fact that person or those persons are identifiable on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination. It also prohibits the publication or display of notices or other representations that express or incite discrimination under the Act. According to Section 13: "It is a discriminatory practice for a person or a group of persons acting in concert to communicate telephonically or to cause to be so communicated, repeatedly, in whole or in part by means of the facilities of a telecommunication undertaking within the legislative authority of Parliament, any matter that is likely to expose a person or persons to hatred or contempt by reason of the fact that person or those persons are identifiable on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination."
CASE STUDY FEDERAL HUMAN RIGHTS
In 1979, a Canadian Human Rights Tribunal found that John Ross Taylor and the Western Guard Party had contravened Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act by transmitting repeatedly hate messages against Jews. The Tribunal ordered Taylor and the Western Guard to stop, but Taylor ignored the order. He was subsequently found to be in contempt of court and was sentenced to one year in prison and ordered to pay a $5000 fine. In 1983 the Canadian Human Rights Commission filed a new contempt of court order, alleging that Taylor was still communicating hate messages on his telephone. The court found that Taylor was again in contempt. Taylor appealed, arguing that Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act under which he was charged violated his right to freedom of expression as guaranteed by the Charter. The majority of the Supreme Court ruled that while Section 13 violated the guarantee of freedom of expression under Section 2 of the Charter the violation was justified under Section 1.
In British Columbia, Tony McAleer and the Canadian Liberty Net (CLN) was twice found to have communicated messages by telephone that breached the Canadian Human Rights Act. The CLN was established in October 1991 as a computerized telephone message system that offered callers a menu of hate messages, including messages from Wolfgang Droege (The Heritage Front, Toronto Ontario), Ernst Zundel, (Samizdat Publishers, Toronto, Ontario) Janice Long,(wife of Canadian leader of the Aryan Nations Terry Long), Tom Metzger (White Aryan Resistance, Fallbrook, California), National Alliance (Hillsborough, Virginia).
A complaint was filed against CLN and its operator in December of 1991. The original complaint named Derek Peterson as the operator of CLN. Since Derek Peterson was a pseudonym, the complaint filed by one community organization against him as the operator of CLN was dismissed.
On September 9, 1993, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal found that the CLN violated the Canadian Human Rights Act and ordered McAleer to stop using the telephone to spread hate. However, the Tribunal judgement did not assess damages against McAleer. However, McAleer moved the CLN to Washington state to continue operation. Contempt charges were filed and he was soon before a court again. The court ruled that McAleer had moved the CLN to avoid Canadian law. McAleer appealed the decision, but lost.
A second Human Rights Tribunal convened in 1994 to hear a complaint against McAleer for spreading hate against gays. The CLN was again found to have violated the Act and the operator was ordered to cease and desist. As with the earlier conviction, no damages were assessed.
On March 1, 1995, just a few years after McAleer run in with the law, Aryan Nations leader Charles Scott placed the following message on his telephone line:
We at the Church of Christ in Israel are an organization of men, women and volunteers who are fighting for the rights of white Canadians. We believe that this country was built by white people and that minorities, non-white crime, and racial treason are running this nation. We are witnessing the virtual destruction of our white Aryan culture and heritage in every aspect of daily living. In order to combat this total disregard for white European values, we have dedicated our lives to working for white people everywhere. In our struggle for white victory, we have travelled throughout the country staging demonstrations and rallies, speaking to interested people, and defying the traitorous Jew-controlled federal bureaucracy, constantly spreading our demand for equal rights for whites.
We are laying down the groundwork for a revolution which will return power to the white race. We support the free-enterprise system, but wish to smash Jew capitalism...
We oppose the recognition of the bandit state of Israel by race-traitors within our government. We wish to wipe out Zionism and every kike who supports it throughout the free world... We demand a crime free, white-ruled society without the daily fear of rape, robbery and murder. All immigration from non-white nations must be stopped. Mud people must be repatriated to the land of their ancestry. (Scott; March 1, 1995)
Like McAleer, Scott was also found to have breached the Canadian Human Rights Act and was ordered to stop. Unlike McAleer, Scott turned from using the telephone to using "White People Awake!" flyers to spread the message of white supremacy.
Ernst Zundel has also been charged with transmitting hate by telephone. This case, however, involves the transmission of hate through the Internet. However the Internet site is based in California outside Canadian borders and, defense council argues, outside the jurisdiction of the e Canadian Human Rights Act. Zundel also argues that the Internet site that bears his name is owned and operated by a US citizen and, finally, that telephone communication is private and therefore does not fall under the umbrella of Section 13.
OTHER FEDERAL LEGISLATIONS
The Customs Tariff Act prohibits importing publications that constitute hate propaganda as defined under the Criminal Code. The Code has been used with great success to ban hate propaganda, but there are large gaps in enforcement that have allowed mainstream bookstores to important and sell books like The Turner Diaries, probably the main "bible" for the racist right in North America.
The Canadian Radio, Television and Telecommunications Commission issued radio regulations in 1986, and television broadcasting regulations in 1987. The Broadcasting Act prohibits the electronic broadcast of any abusive comment or representation that exposes persons to hatred or contempt because of, for example, their race or religion. The Commission has been extremely reluctant to enforce the provision of the Act, preferring to try to mediate between radio stations and aggrieved parties.... Dutton v AM 1040
The Canada Post Corporation Act allows the Federal Government to prohibit the delivery of mail to, or from someone, who has used the mail to commit an offence. The Act was used against Don Adrews and Ernst Zundel. But there are a host of groups suing the mail services to distribute hate propaganda without sanction.
PROVINCIAL HUMAN RIGHTS LEGISLATION
Almost every province and territory has a statute to prohibit hate propaganda. The Yukon Territory is one exception. These provincial human rights statues have been successfully used against hate mongers in Canada. The BC Human Rights Act has been amended and renamed the Human Rights Code effective January 1, 1997. The Code prohibits discriminatory practises and Section 2 specifically prohibits the publication of statements, "notices, signs, symbols, emblems or other representations the expression of which indicates discrimination or an intention to discriminate against a person or class of persons, or that is likely to expose them to hatred or contempt because of their race, colour, ancestry, place of origin, religion, marital status, family status, physical or mental disability, sex, sexual orientation or age."
Collins and the North Shore News were the first charged for breaching the new Code. Collins and the North Shore News (see chapter four above) have long published material attacking Jews, immigrants from non-European countries, feminists, Native Peoples and trade unionists. The case against Collins and the NSN involved a column that insinuated that Jews controlled Hollywood and that the Holocaust was a hoax to make money. The human rights tribunal found that while Collins and the North Shore News had communicated statements that were likely to expose Jews to hatred, the statements were not sufficiently hateful to contravene the Code. A second complaint against Collins and the NSN was heard in the Summer of 1998. Harry Abrams, a business man in Victoria, BC felt that a number of Collin's writings contravened the human rights act and filed a complaint.
CASE STUDY HUMAN RIGHTS IN ALBERTA
Section 2 subsection 1 of the Individual Rights' Protection Act of Alberta states that: "No person shall publish or display before the public or cause to be published or displayed before the public any notice, sign, symbol, emblem or other representation indicating discrimination or an intention to discriminate against any person or class of persons for any purpose because of the race, religious beliefs, colour, sex, physical disability, age, ancestry or place of origin of that person or class of persons."
On September 8 and 9, 1990, Terry Long and Ray Bradley held an "Aryan Fest" at a farm near Provost, Alberta at which a cross was burnt, nazi flags and signs that read "KKK White Power" were displayed. There were also repeated calls of "death to Jews". In 1991 a Board of Inquiry found that Long and Bradley had breached the Act and Long fled to British Columbia to avoid Alberta law. However, the Board of Inquiry found that the "KKK White Power" sign was a prohibited sign under the Act and the swastika and burning of the cross were prohibited symbols. The Board found the signs and symbols indicated an intention to discriminate against an identifiable group. The Board awarded costs against the Long and Bradley.
CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTION ACT
Concern over the growth of the Klan in British Columbia in the early 1980s led to the McAlpine Commission which recommended important new hate crime legislation. Acting on one of the recommendations, the BC Government enacted the Civil Rights Protection Act. However, there has been only one case brought under the Act. The problem with the Act is that, like the Criminal Code of Canada, the consent of the Attorney General is required and it has been thought that the Act would not stand a Charter challenge. In addition, the Crown is required to show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that prohibited statements caused hatred. As a result, the most likely remedy for hatred lies with the new amendments to the BC Human Rights Code.
CASE STUDY POVERTY LAW CENTRE V. WAR
Taking on the White Aryan Resistance
In 1988, Tom and John Metzger sent their best White Aryan Resistance (WAR) recruiter from California to organize a Portland Skinhead gang. After being trained in WAR's methods, the gang killed an Ethiopian student. Tom Metzger praised the Skinheads for doing their "civic duty."
Southern Poverty Law Centre attorneys filed a civil suit claiming that the Metzgers and WAR were as responsible for the killing as the Portland Skinhead gang. In October 1990, a jury agreed and awarded $12.5 million in damages to the family of the victim, Mulegata Seraw.
In 1994, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to review Metzger's appeal, opening the way for Centre attorneys to begin distributing funds collected from the sale of WAR's assets. The principal beneficiary of the verdict is Seraw's teenaged son, Henok. Henok is using a portion of the collected funds to attend school in the United States.
The Michael Donald Lynching Case
Nineteen-year-old Michael Donald was on his way to the store in 1981 when two members of the United Klans of America abducted him, beat him, cut his throat and hung his body from a tree on a residential street in Mobile, Alabama. The two Klansmen who carried out the ritualistic killing were eventually arrested and convicted. There the case would have ended but for Klanwatch.
Sensing a larger conspiracy and convinced that the Klan itself should be held responsible, Southern Poverty Law Centre attorneys filed a civil suit on behalf of Michael Donald's mother. In 1987, the Centre won an historic $7 million verdict against the United Klans and all the Klansmen who had played a part in the lynching.
The verdict marked the end of the United Klans, the Klan group that had beaten the Freedom Riders, murdered civil rights worker Viola Liuzzo during the Selma-to-Montgomery march, and blown up Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church, killing four young black girls. As a result of the case, the group was forced to turn over its headquarters to Beulah Mae Donald, and two additional Klansmen were convicted on criminal charges stemming from the lynching.
CONCLUSION
Fascism, hate and intolerance are not new to Canada. But there is much that we can all do to limit its growth and prevent its spread. Many Canadian feel that hate can be stopped through better education and law enforcement. To some extent this is true. But the problem is that education works only when people are willing to learn. When groups are allowed to profit from hate and the recruitment of youth the task of education is all the more difficult. Law enforcement is also important, but it takes political will to make and use legal remedies. We have had far too few politicians who have been willing and ready to actively oppose organized hate groups and that has given racists tacit approval for their activities. In addition, the problem of hate and racism is not so much a legal issue as a moral problem that must involve all Canadians in its resolution.
In fact, the key to stopping racism and preventing the return of fascism in Canada is effective community organizing. But community action has been opposed from a variety of quarters because it supposedly gives publicity to fascists and racists. It must be recognized that without strong, consistent and informed community organizing, fascist groups will continue to expand and their will be many more victims of hate than we have already witnessed. Community based opposition to hate in all its many forms must be encouraged and supported. There are too few Canadians actively engaged in fighting racism from a community based perspective. If Canada is to live up to its promise, community based opposition to hatred must be promoted and a culture of anti-racism must be developed. This is, of course, is easy to say. But the time had passed for lip service. Before fascism really takes hold as it has throughout the world, Canadians must seize the initiative and build grass roots networks to actively expose and oppose hatred in all its various forms and manifestations.
Canadians have a proud history of actively exposing and opposing fascist groups both in the streets and in government. Now, rather than later, is the time for community action. The history of anti-fascism in Canada can serve as a model but we must not stop with temporary measures that allow fascism to re-surface at will. There must be a coordinated anti-fascist and anti-racist culture created that will stand the test of time.
APPENDIX A - UNDERSTANDING RACISM
Racism can be defined as the belief in the existence of biologically distinct "races" (see below for the concept of race) which can be ordered in a hierarchy of morality, intellectual capacity, culture and civilization. Stop Apologizing, a full-colour 500 page book recently published by Jud Cyllorn, a Vancouver-based writer is an example of very crude racism. Cyllorn states that immigration from Hong Kong and China will subvert Euro-Canadian culture and that white Protestants should "stop apologizing" to "those whose skin colour is a badge of historic failure...." Cyllorn argues that only white protestants are capable of developing civilization and science; all other "races" have simply borrowed from European civilization. He states that: "We [Northern European Protestants] are living in the Decline of the protest [sic] Culture, the Fall is not far away. The immigration patterns unfolding in such as Canada and the USA, are part of the Cause which will bring about the Fall, and none of this [sic].accidental (Page 169.)
For Cyllorn, each "race" has specific talents, but, as civilization advances, some "racial" talents become redundant, or, in fact, a burden. Echoing discredited nineteenth century social Darwinism, Cyllorn states that: "Each race has a profile of abilities of which there are many thousands, and as the environment changes, combinations of these abilities are given the premium of the era... But only that era. Master buggy-whip makers are no longer in great demand. (Page 198.)"
Cyllorn argues that racism is a "natural phenomenon" which benefits civilization. Since only Europeans are equipped to develop civilization, it follows that Europeans benefit from racism. Cyllorn mailed his book to every MP in Ottawa and every MLA in British Columbia. He also sent it to libraries and school in the hope that it would be accepted as a legitimate non-fiction book. There is, of course, no valid evidence and no scientific basis to support Cyllorn's view of "race", culture, science or history.
THEORIES OF RACISM
A majority of social scientists believe that while racism may be pervasive in many countries around the world and appears to have occurred in many different historical time periods, it is not inherent in human nature but is dependent on the ways that groups come into contact. In this view, racism, like homophobia, is a learned response. What produces racism is competition over scarce resources and/or the profit that can be made from a dis-empowered segment of the labour force. As Edna Bonancich explains, racism and ethnic antagonisms tend to break out when employers attempt to replace relatively higher priced labour groups with cheaper minority labour. Bonacich argues that dominant ethnic groups have three options to maintain both the established price of labour and labour standards: 1) restrictions on immigration, 2) apartheid-like labour laws to eliminate job competition, or 3) creating anti-racist labour and trade unions to prevent reductions in wage rates. In Canada, the dynamics of labour market competition and the ideology of racism have often resulted in prejudice and discrimination against many groups, including aboriginal peoples, African, Asian, Irish and Eastern Europeans. However, racism has also resulted as a means to justify the super-exploitation of segments of the labour force. From this perspective, slavery in Europe, the United States and Canada was not a natural consequence of any supposed inherent inferiority of groups or the consequence of ignorance or fear, but the rationalization for the exploitation of people based on skin colour for profit.
RACE
The concept of race arose during the sixteenth century to categorize human beings into groups to justify slavery. The notion that there are biologically discrete "races" that can be ordered in a hierarchy of intelligence, sexuality and morality has been disproved by modern science. Skin colour or ethnic origin does not determine criminality, sexuality or morality as racists claim. In fact, there is no meaningful way to categorize human beings into groups based on the idea of race because the differences within "races" are as great as the differences between "races". As such, the term serves no useful scientific purpose. As many sociologists, anthropologists, biologists and others have recently argued, the term "race" only serves to reify social relationships, obscures the processes underlying the racialization of groups and the social and economic bases for discrimination and racism. The discipline of sociology and anthropology have only recently begun to explore how groups are "racialized" and what socio-economic processes are responsible for the categorization of groups of people into races.
INDIVIDUAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZED RACISM
Anti-racists tend to distinguish between individual, institutional and organized political racism. Individual racism can be defined as the expression of prejudice between individuals and may range from name calling to physical violence. Institutional racism is based on what may appear to be a neutral institutional practice, but which in effect denies individuals access to employment, services or other opportunities based on membership in a group defined in terms of skin colour, ethnic origin or religious affiliation. Organized racism results when individuals form hate groups to deliberately persecute and oppress people based on skin colour, language, ethnicity, or religious affiliation. Organized hate groups advocate the creation of culturally and "racially" homogenous societies by the forcible movement of people to "home lands" or outright genocide. Individual, institutional and organized racism are not only offensive and dehumanizing but restrict access to services, employment and other human rights. Racism is thus not only detrimental to the primary targets of racism but to society in general. Comprehensive projections and preventative measures must therefore be developed to protect individuals and groups from racism, ethnocentrism and religious intolerance in each and every manifestation.
HATE CRIME
A hate crimes is a criminal offense committed by an individual or individuals against a person, property or public order because of skin colour, ethnicity, religion, place of origin, sexual orientation, ability, or gender. Some community groups are seeking an amendment to the Criminal Code of Canada to include gender, sexual orientation and ability as protected grounds. Statistics show that the most frequent victims of hate violence in urban centres are gays and lesbians, followed by Canadians of African and South Asian descent and Jews. However, there are a large number of attacks on aboriginal peoples that go largely unreported. Verbal intimidation, assault and vandalism are the most commonly reported types of hate crimes. Hate crimes are designed to create terror, mistrust and the breakdown of social institutions. Hate crimes can have an especially devastating emotional and psychological impact on their victims. Failure to provide legal and other remedies can lead to isolation, increased vulnerable and self-destructive or socially destructive anger.
WHITE SUPREMACY
Modern white supremacy is based on two fundamental untenable beliefs. The first is that there are biologically distinct human "races" which can be scientifically ordered in a hierarchy of morality, intellectual capacity, culture and civilization. In this view, the "white race" of Northern Europe is morally and intellectually superior to all other "races" and the "white race" is primarily responsible for human civilization and science. As a result, all other "races", i.e., Asian, African, American, et cetera, are inferior and is responsible for all moral and social decay. It is therefore the moral destiny of the white races to bring civilization back to the world.
The ideology of modern white supremacy thus draws from the same well of hate as Nazi ideology which is, in turn, based on the scientifically bankrupt concept of "race" and the so-called "race science" of the nineteenth century. To be a racist, or a "racialist", is to believe in biological reductionism and a necessary program of separation, or genocide. The political agenda of white supremacist group is to seize power and to replace democratically elected governments with fascist dictatorships. White supremacist group plan to accomplish this objective by precipitating a "racial holy war", destabilizing democratically elected governments and seizing state power.
The second fundamental basis of modern white supremacy is that the Holocaust - the Nazi policy of genocide - did not occur. If Jews, gypsies and the "unfit" died in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, their deaths were not part of any genocidal policy that was devised by Hitler and his followers, but the result of famine and disease. The purpose of denying the Holocaust is to resurrect national socialism and legitimate Hitler.
Realizing that fascism and racism are presently more or less unpalatable to the majority of Canadians, white supremacist attempt to conceal their real agenda by calling themselves Canadian patriots, or friends of freedom. They claim they are not fascist but think that Hitler was a hero who received unfair treatment by the Allies. They demand to be publicly identified as simply favouring "preserving European heritage" and maintaining "traditional" (i.e. Northern European) sources of immigration. When, for example, leaders of the Heritage Front are interviewed by the mainstream media, they repeat over and over that they are "not racist" but "just love their own race"; they are not racist but "racialists"; they are not violent but want to protect themselves from attack and they recruit bright articulate university educated students to create a more acceptable public veneer of respectability. Unfortunately, there are enough gullible reporters to perpetuate the myth that white supremacist groups are just exercising their constitutional rights to freedom of expression and that racists are just one end of the spectrum with anti-racists being at the other.
APPENDIX B -- WHERE TO GET HELP
League for Human Rights of Bnai B'rith Canada
15 Hove Street
Downsview, Ontario
M3H 4Y8
Tel:(514)633-6224
Fax:(416)630-2159
Canadian Anti-racism Education And Research Society (CAERS)
210-124 East Pender Street,
Vancouver, B.C.
V3T 4E3
Tel: 604.687.7350
Fax: 604.687.7389
Union Of B.C. Indian Chiefs
700-73 Water Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6B 1A1
Tel: 684-0231
United Native Nations
8th Floor 736 Granville Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6z 1G3
Tel: 688-1821
Salmon Arm Coalition Against Racism
1481 Okanagan Avenue
Salmon Arm, B.C.
V1e 1N5
Tel: 832-6678
National Association of Japanese Canadians
735 Ash Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3N 0R5
Chinese-Canadian National Council
119 Spadina Avenue, Suite 605
Toronto, Ontario
M5V 2L1
Tel:(416)596-0833
Fax:(416)596-7248
Ontario Coalition for Social Justice
15 Gervais Drive, Suite 305,
Don Mills, Ontario
M3C 1Y8
Tel:(416)441-3714
Kamloops Immigrant Services
110-206 Seymour Street
Kamloops, B.C.
V2C 2E5
Tel:250)372-0855
Creston Valley Human Rights Coalition
Box 93678
Creston, B.C.
Tel: (250)428-3318
Vancouver Gay/Lesbian Centre
1170 Bute Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6e 1Z6
Tel:(604)313-2776(Youth Services)
(604)684-6869(L.Mainland)
1-800-566-1170(Rest of BC)
Advocacy Resource Centre for the Handicapped (ARCH)
40 Orchard View Blvd., Suite 255
Toronto, Ontario
M4R 1B9
Tel: (416482-8255
TTY:(416)482-1254
Fax: (416)482-2981
Government Agencies
Antigraffiti Hotline (Vancouver)
Tel: (604)873-7161
B.C. Council Of Human Rights
406-815 Hornby Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6z 2E6
Tel: 1-800-6630876
Tel: 660-6811 Fax: 660-0195
Canadian Human Rights Commission
750-605 Robson Ave.
Vancouver, V6B 5J3
Tel: 666-2251 (call collect) Fax: 666-2386
Tel: TDD 666-3071
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Contact Your Local Detachment
Ask for Victim Services
Victims Information Line
Tel: 1-800-563-0808
Hate Crime Teams/Units
Toronto
Staff Inspector Bob Strathdee
Unit Commander
Intelligence Services
40 College Street
Toronto, Ontario
M5G 2J3
Tel: 416/808-3500
Fax: 416/808-3502
e-mail mtpsint@interlog.com
B.C. Hate Crime Unit
Sergeant Rick McKenna (604) 660-2659
Corporal Craig MacMillan (604) 660-2617
Fax (604) 660-2606
B.C. Hate Crime Victim Information Line,
toll free 1-800-563-0808.
Ottawa-Carleton
Hate Crime Section
474 Elgin St.
Ottawa, Ontario
K2P 2J6
Tel. 236-1222 Ext. 5347
FAX 233-6574
Human Rights Commissions
National/Capital Nationale
320, rue Queen Street
Place de Ville, Tower/Tour A
Ottawa K1A 1E1
Tel/Tel : (613) 995-1151
Fax/Telecopieur : (613) 996-9661
TTY/ATS : (613) 996-5211
Internet : info.com@chrc.ca
Atlantic/Atlantique
Office Address/Adresse du Bureau
5475 Spring Garden Road, 2nd Floor
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Tel/Tel : (902) 426-8380
Fax/Telecopieur : (902) 426-2685
Toll Free/Sans frais :
1-800-565-1752
TTY/ATS : (902) 426-9345
Prairies
242-240 Graham Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 0J7
Tel/Tel : (204) 983-2189
Fax/Telecopieur : (204) 983-6132
TTY/ATS : (204) 983-2882
Quebec/Quebec
470-1253 McGill College Avenue
Montreal (Quebec) H3B 2Y5
Tel/Tel : (514) 283-5218
Fax/Telecopieur : (514) 283-5084
TTY/ATS : (514) 283-1869
Alberta and Northwest Territories/ Alberta
et Territoires du Nord-Ouest
Highfield Place, Suite 308
10010-106th Street
Edmonton, Alberta T5J 3L2
Tel/Tel : (403) 495-4040
Fax/Telecopieur : (403) 495-4044
TTY/ATS : (403) 495-4108
Ontario
1002-175 Bloor Street East
Toronto, Ontario M4W 3R8
Tel/Tel : (416) 973-5527
Fax/Telecopieur : (416) 973-6184
TTY/ATS : (416) 973-8912
Western/Ouest
420-757 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia V6V 1A1
Tel/Tel : (604) 666-2251
Fax/Telecopieur : (604) 666-2386
TTY/ATS : (604) 666-3071
APPENDIX C - SELECTED READINGS
Abrams, Harry (Editor)
1998 The Use of Public Facilities by Hate Groups. The League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith, Canada: Toronto.
Aho, James A.
1990 The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism. University of Washington.
Anti-Defamation League
1993 Hitler's Apologists: The Anti-Semitic Propaganda of Holocaust "Revisionism." Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Brith. USA.
Barkun, Michael
1994 Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill and London.Asington Press. Seattle and London.
Barrett, Stanley R.
1989 Is God a Racist? The Right Wing in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Toronto.
Betcherman, Lita-Rose
1975 The Swastika and the Maple Leaf: Fascist Movements in Canada in the Early Thirties. Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
Bjorgo, Tore and Rob Witte (Editors)
1993 Racist Violence in Europe. St. Martin's Press. New York.
Braun, Stefan
1988 "Social and Racial Tolerance and Freedom of Expression in a Democratic Society: Friends or Foes? Regina v. Zundel". Dalhousie Law Journal, No. 471.
B'nai Brith, Canada
1996 1995 Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents. Prepared by the League of Human Rights. Downsview, Ontario.
Calderwood, William (Editor)
1972 "Pulpit, Press and Political Reactions to the Ku Klux Klan in Saskatchewan." In The Twenties in Wester Canada. S Trofimenkoff . National Museum of Manitoba.
Canadian Labour Congress
1997 Challenging Racism: Going Beyond Recommendations. Report of the CLC National Anti-Racism Talk Force, October 1997. CLC.
Centre de Recherche d'Information et de Documentation Antiraciste
1996 Rapport 1995: Panorama des actes racistes et de l'extremisme de droite en Europe. CRIDA Publication. France.
Cheles, Luciano and Ronnie Ferguson and Michalina Vaughan (Editors)
1993 Neo-fascism in Europe. Longman Press. London and New York.
Chinese Canadian National Council
1988 It Is Only Fair! Redress for the Head Tax and Chinese Exclusion Act. Prepared and Published by The Chinese Canadian National Council.Toronto.
Cohen Committee, The
1970 "The Hate Propaganda Amendment to the Criminal Code". 28 U.T. Fac. L. Rev. 63(1970s)
Connecticut Education Association
1981 Violence, The Ku Klux Klan And The Struggle For Equality: An Informational and Instructional Kit. Prepared and Published by The Connecticut Education Association, The Council on Interracial Books for Children and The National Education Association. Connecticut, New York and Washington DC.
Corcoran, James
1990 Bitter Harvest Gordon Kahl and the Posse Comitatus: Murder in the Heartland. New York: Penguin Books.
Cornish, C
1999
Cornish, C Dale and Alan Dutton
1999 Organizing Rules: A Strategic Guide to Combatting Hate Groups. Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society: Vancouver.
Dees, Morris and Steve Fiffer
1993 Hate On Trial: The Case Against America's Most Dangerous Neo-Nazi. Villard Books. New York.
Department of Justice, Canada
1994 Complaint And Redress Mechanisms Relating To Racial Discrimination In Canada And Abroad, Volumes I and II. Unedited Version. Research, Statistics and Evaluation Directorate of the Human Rights Research and Education Centre.
Dutton, Alan
___________,
1997 The New Merchants of Hate. Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society: Vancouver.
__________,(Editor)
1990 Beyond the Komagata Maru: Race Relations Today. Conference Proceedings. Dhannu Printing. Surrey, B.C.
Dutton, Alan and Dale Cornish (eds.)
1995 Racism, Hate Crime and the Law. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Vancouver, B.C. November 27-29, 1992. Praxis Publishing Company. Toronto.
Dutton, Alan, Bill Mussel and Ernie Crey (eds.)
1992 Towards a Dialogue. Proceedings of a Conference on Native Issues held in Vancouver, B.C. January 25-26, 1991. Published by AMSSA. Vancouver, B.C.
Flynn, Kevin and Gary Gerhardt
1990 The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America's Racist Underground. New York: Signet.
Ford, Glyn
1992 Fascist Europe: The Rise of Racism and Xenophobia. Pluto Press. London.
Gibson, James William
1994 Warrior Dreams: Violence and Manhood in Post-Vietnam America. Hill and Wang. New York.
Gilmour, Glenn A.
1994 Hate-Motivated Violence. May. Department of Justice Canada. Research, Statistics and Evaluation Directorate of the Human Rights Research and Education Centre.
Guerin, Daniel
1973 Fascism and Big Business. Pathfinder. New York.
Hamm, Mark S.
1993 American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime. Praeger Series in Criminology and Crime Control Policy. Westport, Connecticut.
Heinrichs, Terry
1986 "Free Speech and the Zundel Trial". Queen's Quarterly. No. 95.
Hockenos, Paul
1993 Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Communist Eastern Europe. Routledge: New York.
Hoffman II, Machael A.
1985 The Great Holocaust Trial. Prepared by the Institute for Historical Review. Torrance, California.
IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Centre
1991 Hate Crimes: Concepts and Issues Paper. Publication of The IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Centre. Arlington, Virginia.
Katz, William Loren
1987 The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan Impact on History. Seattle: Open Hand Publishing Inc.
King, Dennis
1989 Lyndon LaRouche and The New American Fascism. Double Day. New York and London.
Kinsella, Warren
Web of Hate
Law Reform Commission of Canada
1986 Hate Propaganda. Working Paper 50. Ottawa: Supply and Services.
League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith
1994 The Heritage Front Report: 1994. League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith Canada.
Lethbridge, David
1994 SACAR Second Report: The Danger is Real. Prepared by The Salmon Arm Coalition Against Racism. Salmon Arm, B.C.
Levin, Jack and Jack McDevitt
1993 The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed: Hate Crimes. Plenum Press. New York and London.
Library of Parliament
1990 Hate Propaganda. Philip Rosen (ed), Law and Government Division, Research Branch. January 28.
Lipstadt, Deborah
1993 Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. The Free Press. New York and Toronto.
MacLean, Nancy
1994 Behind The Mask Of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
McAlpine, John D.
1981 Report Arising Out of the Activities of the Ku Klux Klan in British Columbia. Vancouver: Presented to the British Columbia Minister of Labour.
Miles, Robert
1990 Racism. Routledge. London.
Morris, Christopher
1992 "Economy, racial tension cited for record rise in hate crimes", Globe and Mail. Feb. 25:A9, Toronto.
__________,
1990 "Hate Propaganda Laws: Do They Apply to Offensive Lapel Pins and Calendars?". Project Brief. Library of Parliament Research Branch, Law and Government Division.
Multiculturalism British Columbia,
1994 Anti-racism. Terminology, Concepts and Training: A Round Table Discussion. Eduljee, E. and A. Dutton (eds.) Ministry Responsible for Multiculturalism and Human Rights. Vancouver, British Columbia.
Municipality of Toronto
Combatting Hate Activity: A Community Handbook. METRO Chief Administrator's Office. Toronto.
National Association of Japanese Canadians
Justice in our time: Redress For Japanese Canadians. Produced by the Greater Vancouver Japanese Canadian Citizens Association Redress Committee for the NAJC.
O'Donnell, Sheila
"Common Sense Security For Political Organizers." Movement Support Network. Centre for Constitutional Rights-National Lawyers Guild Civil Liberties Committee. New York.
Philip Rosen (ed)
1990 Hate Propaganda. Library of Parliament Law and Government Division, Research Branch.
Porter, Jack Nusan (Editor)
1992 The Sociology of Genocide/The Holocaust: A Curriculum Guide. American Sociological Association. Teaching Resources Centre. Washington, D.C.
Rauf, N. Naeem
1989 "Freedom of Expression, the Presumption of Innocence and Reasonable Limits: An Analysis of Keegstra and Andrews". Criminal Reports. (3rd series) No. 65.
Regel, Alan R.
1985 "Hate Propaganda: A Reason to Limit Freedom of Speech". Saskatchewan Law Review. No. 49.
Renzetti, Claire M., and Marcia Texler Segal and Howard Ehrlich
1994 Teaching About And Responding To Hate Crimes On Campus: A Resource Guide. American Sociological Association Teaching Resources Centre. Washington, DC.
Ridgeway, James
1990 Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder Mouth Press.
Roberts, Julian V.
1995 Disproportionate Harm: Hate Crime in Canada. An Analysis of Recent Studies. Unedited. Department of Justice Canada. Research, Statistics and Evaluation Directorate of the Human Rights Research and Education Centre.
Robin, Martin
1992 Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920-1940. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Rose, Douglas (Editor)
1992 The Emergence of David Duke and the Politics of Race. The University of North Carolina Press.Chapel Hill and London.
Rosen, Philip
1992 "Record Number of Hate Groups Active Across U.S. in 1991", Klanwatch. February. Alabama.
Rurup, Reinhard
1989 Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS and Reichssicherheitshauptamt: A Documentation. Verlag Willmuth Arenhovel. Berlin.
Ryser, Rudolph C.
1991 "Anti-Indian Movement on the Tribal Frontier." Occasional Paper, #16. Centre for World Indigenous Studies.
San Francisco Examiner
1992 "The Politics of Evil: An exclusive inside report on the white supremacy movement." Image. March 8. San Francisco.
Schmidt, Michael
1993 The New Reich: Violent Extremism in Unified Germany and Beyond. Pantheon Books. New York.
Security Intelligence Review Committee
1994 "The Heritage Front Affair." Report to the Solicitor General of Canada. December 9.
Sharpe, Sydney and Don Braid
1992 Storming Babylon: Preston Manning and the Rise of the Reform Party. Key Porter Books. Toronto.
Sher, Julian
1983 White Hoods: Canada's Ku Klux Klan. Vancouver: New Star Books.
Simon Wiesenthal Centre
1994 Holocaust Denial: Bigotry in the Guise of Scholarship. A Simon Wiesenthal Centre Report.
Smith, Brent L.
1994 Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. State University of New York Press. New York.
Southern Poverty Law Centre
1996 False Patriots: The Threat Of AntiGovernment Extremists. Southern Poverty Law Centre Press. Montgomery, Alabama.
Stern, Kenneth S.
1996 A Force Upon The Plain: The American Militia Movement and the Politics of Hate. Simon and Schuster. New York and London.
Sternhell, Zeev with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri
1994 The Birth Of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
Weimann, Gabriel, and Conrad Winn
1986 Hate on Trial: The Zundel Affair, the Media, and Public Opinion. Oakville: Mosaic Press.
APPENDIX C
SELECTED READINGS
Abrams, Harry (Editor)
1998 The Use of Public Facilities by Hate Groups. The League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith, Canada: Toronto.
Aho, James A.
1990 The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism. University of Washington.
Anti-Defamation League
1993 Hitler's Apologists: The Anti-Semitic Propaganda of Holocaust "Revisionism." Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Brith. USA.
Barkun, Michael
1994 Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill and London.Asington Press. Seattle and London.
Barrett, Stanley R.
1989 Is God a Racist? The Right Wing in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Toronto.
Betcherman, Lita-Rose
1975 The Swastika and the Maple Leaf: Fascist Movements in Canada in the Early Thirties. Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
Bjorgo, Tore and Rob Witte (Editors)
1993 Racist Violence in Europe. St. Martin's Press. New York.
Braun, Stefan
1988 "Social and Racial Tolerance and Freedom of Expression in a Democratic Society: Friends or Foes? Regina v. Zundel". Dalhousie Law Journal, No. 471.
B'nai Brith, Canada
1996 1995 Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents. Prepared by the League of Human Rights. Downsview, Ontario.
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